Validation of the 15-Item and 5-Item Versions of the Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument for Spanish Adolescents Aged 11–18: A Study Using the Original 18-Item Version

Romero-Macarrilla, José Antonio and Bauer, Robert and Fernández-Sánchez, Javier and Fernández-Sánchez, Eva and González-Gutiérrez, Iván and Adsuar, José Carmelo and Pastor-Cisneros, Raquel and Mendoza-Muñoz, María and Carlos-Vivas, Jorge and Collado-Mateo, Daniel UNSPECIFIED, UNSPECIFIED, UNSPECIFIED, UNSPECIFIED, ivan.gutierrez@uneatlantico.es, UNSPECIFIED, UNSPECIFIED, UNSPECIFIED, UNSPECIFIED, UNSPECIFIED (2026) Validation of the 15-Item and 5-Item Versions of the Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument for Spanish Adolescents Aged 11–18: A Study Using the Original 18-Item Version. Applied Sciences, 16 (8). p. 3700. ISSN 2076-3417

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Abstract

Background: Physical literacy is a multidimensional construct encompassing physical competence, confidence, motivation, knowledge, and lifelong engagement in physical activity. The Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI) has been widely used internationally; however, previous adolescent validations have been based on a reduced 9-item version originally developed for teachers. This study aims to evaluate the validity and test–retest reliability of a Spanish adaptation of the original 18-item PPLI in Spanish adolescents aged 11–18 years. Methods: A multi-phase validation study was conducted with 869 Spanish adolescents (421 females). The procedure included: (1) translation and cultural adaptation, (2) Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA; n = 290), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA; n = 579) and invariance analyses, and (3) test–retest reliability assessment. Results: EFA supported a three-factor solution comprising 15 items. CFA showed standardized factor loadings ranging from 0.62 to 0.89, indicating that the latent constructs were adequately represented. Although the 15-item model showed acceptable fit, a 5-item unidimensional short form was developed due to limitations in the three-dimensional models. This short form demonstrated good model fit (scaled RMSEA = 0.073; scaled CFI = 0.992; SRMR = 0.026), adequate convergent validity (AVE = 0.558), high reliability (ω = 0.821), moderate test–retest stability (ICC = 0.69), and full configural, metric, and scalar longitudinal invariance. Conclusions: The 15-, 9-, and 5-item versions of the PPLI are valid and reliable options. The 15-item version allows comprehensive assessment and domain-level interpretation. The 9-item version facilitates comparability with previous international research. The 5-item version may be useful in contexts with time constraints but may not be the preferred choice for comprehensive assessment of physical literacy in clinical or detailed pedagogical diagnostic settings.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	physical literacy; physical activity; physical education; public health; sedentarism; psychometrics
Subjects:	Subjects > Physical Education and Sport
Divisions:	Europe University of Atlantic > Research > Articles and books
Depositing User:	Sr Bibliotecario
Date Deposited:	06 Jul 2026 09:00
Last Modified:	06 Jul 2026 09:00
URI:	https://repositorio.funiber.org/id/eprint/28591

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